Palaeosols in early Himalayan foreland basin sequences demonstrate latitudinal shift-related long-term climatic change     

B. P. SINGH  S. K. TANDON†  G. P. SINGH  J. S. PAWAR‡ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(5):1464-1487

The Palaeogene sedimentary record in the Himalayan foreland basin contains palaeosols that are interpreted as reflecting changes in climate through time with the passage of the Indian Plate from the equator to 30° N latitude. To understand spatial and temporal variation in the occurrence of diagnostic palaeosol types, 12 exposed stratigraphic sections were investigated and studied in detail using petrographic and geochemical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray mineralogy. Oxisol (bauxite) is a karst bauxite that occurs in crudely bedded and laminated forms. It contains gibbsite, goethite and kaolinite and shows chemical index of alteration values close to 100, demonstrating intense weathering. No gradual change in the concentrations of trace and rare earth elements is recorded. However, their behaviour suggests that the Oxisol was produced by weathering of basalt under a warm and humid climate. Histosol (coal), found stratigraphically higher than Oxisols, contains woody structures dominated by vitrinite maceral. The Histosol is interpreted as having originated from an undisturbed peat developed in a swamp of high tree density under wet tropical climatic conditions. Up‐section, calcrete profiles of stages 3 and 4, containing rhizoliths, pellets, filamentous calcite and Microcodium, have developed by pedogenic processes. Large negative stable carbon (?8·5‰ to ?11·2‰) and oxygen isotope values (?8·5‰ to ?12·6‰) suggest that the studied calcretes formed under the influence of meteoric water and soil organic matter in dry sub‐tropical climatic conditions. The formation of Oxisol in a warm and humid climate was possible in the equatorial region when part of the Indian subcontinent was close to the equator. The coal developed under a humid climate when the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent reached the intertropical convergence zone, while the pedogenic calcrete formed once the sub‐tropical climatic zone was reached. Hence, it is suggested that these palaeosols formed in different climatic zones during northward drift of the Indian plate and that the drift brought them to their present positions between 30° N and 35° N within the sub‐tropical climatic zone.  相似文献   

Evolution of a Paleoproterozoic “weak type” orogeny in the West African Craton (Ivory Coast)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Vidal  C. Gumiaux  F. Cagnard  A. Pouclet  G. Ouattara  M. Pichon 《Tectonophysics》2009,477(3-4):145

The Paleoproterozoic domain of the Ivory Coast lies in the central part of the West African Craton (WAC) and is mainly constituted by TTG, greenstones, supracrustal rocks and leucogranites. A compilation of metamorphic and radiometric data highlights that: i) metamorphic conditions are rather homogeneous through the domain, without important metamorphic jumps, ii) HP-LT assemblages are absent and iii) important volumes of magmas emplaced during the overall Paleoproterozoic orogeny suggesting the occurrence of long-lived rather hot geotherms. Results of the structural analysis, focused on three areas within the Ivory Coast, suggest that the deformation is homogeneous and distributed through the Paleoproterozoic domain. In details, results of this study point out the long-lived character of vertical movements during the Eburnean orogeny with a two folds evolution. The first stage is characterized by the development of “domes and basins” geometries without any boundary tectonic forces and the second stage is marked by coeval diapiric movements and horizontal regional-scale shortening. These features suggest that the crust is affected by vertical movements during the overall orogeny. The Eburnean orogen can then be considered as an example of long-lived Paleoproterozoic “weak type” orogen.  相似文献   

Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks,southeastern Iran   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Behnam Shafiei  Michael Haschke  Jamshid Shahabpour 《Mineralium Deposita》2009,44(3):265-283

Pre-collisional Eocene–Oligocene arc diorites, quartzdiorites, granodiorites, and volcanic equivalents in the Kerman arc segment in central Iran lack porphyry Cu mineralization and ore deposits, whereas collisional middle-late Miocene adakite-like porphyritic granodiorites without volcanic equivalents host some of the world’s largest Cu ore deposits. Petrological and structural constraints suggest a direct link between orogenic arc crust evolution and the presence of a fertile metallogenic environment. Ore-hosting Kuh Panj porphyry intrusions exhibit high Sr (>400 ppm), low Y (<12 ppm) contents, significant REE fractionation (La/Yb > 20), no negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* ≥ 1), and relatively non-radiogenic Sr isotope signatures (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7042–0.7047), relative to Eocene–Oligocene granitoids (mainly Sr < 400 ppm; Y > 12; La/Yb < 15; Eu/Eu^* < 1; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7053–0.7068). Trace element modeling indicates peridotite melting for the barren Eocene–Oligocene intrusions and a hydrous garnet-bearing amphibolite source for middle-late Miocene ore-hosting intrusions. The presence of garnet implies collisional arc crustal thickening by shortening and basaltic underplating from about 30–35 to 40–45 km or 12 kbar. The changes in residual mineralogy in the source of Eocene to Miocene rocks in the Kerman arc segment reflect probing of a thickening arc crust by recycling melting of the arc crustal keel. Underplating of Cu and sulfur-rich melts from fertile peridotite generated a fertile metallogenic reservoir at or near the crust–mantle boundary, and dehydration melting under oxidizing conditions produced syn- and post-collisional ore-hosting intrusions, while the lack of post-collisional volcanism prevented the venting of volatiles to the atmosphere from sulfur-rich and oxidized adakitic magmas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

晚三叠世火山活动对鄂尔多斯盆地长7优质烃源岩发育的影响   总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32  

张文正  杨华  彭平安  杨奕华  张辉  石小虎 《地球化学》2009,38(6):573-582

岩芯和露头剖面观察结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地长7优质烃源层中广泛分布薄层和纹层状凝灰岩,薄层凝灰岩的SiO2含量介于49．37％-72．45％之间,以中、酸性为主。岩石薄片的镜下观察结果表明,常见晶屑凝灰岩、玻屑凝灰岩和双屑凝灰岩,并可见到呈有序结构（成分和粒度）的凝灰岩纹层,同期喷发、大气降落沉积特征明显。根据其岩石类型、主元素和微量元素组成、锆石U—Pb年龄等的对比,以及凝灰岩的平面分布特征判断,盆地内长7优质烃源层中的凝灰岩可能主要来自秦岭地区的同期火山喷发活动。扬子与华北陆块碰撞、秦岭造山的区域构造活动的活跃是引起长7最大湖泛的主要动力因素,为优质烃源岩发育提供了基本的地质条件,同期频繁的火山喷发活动与湖底热液活动等共同促进了优质烃源岩的大规模发育。  相似文献   

理论预测与科学找矿--以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿为例   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

李德威 《地质科技情报》2005,24(3):48-54

近年来在西藏冈底斯构造成矿带发现了多个以斑岩铜矿为主的大型和超大型矿床,这些矿床均形成于青藏高原板内隆升过程,主要成矿年龄为17～15 Ma,其矿床类型、矿床规模、成矿部位和成矿时代与作者10 a前的理论预测结果基本吻合.突破板块碰撞造山和板块碰撞成矿模式,按大陆动力学和成矿动力学的新思路,认为冈底斯斑岩铜矿形成于特提斯开合转换、板块碰撞造陆之后的晚新生代构造隆升、下地壳层流、板内造山、地壳增厚、热隆伸展的动力改造成矿过程.加强基础地质研究、倡导创新科学思维、发展地质与成矿理论对于中国西部的找矿勘探具有十分重要的作用.  相似文献   

榆木山构造带深部结构及隆升成因          下载免费PDF全文

熊小松  高锐  酆少英  李英康  黄兴富  陈宣华  常玉举 《中国地质》2019,46(5):1039-1051

新生代以来,欧亚与印度两大板块间的碰撞拼合及后续的汇聚挤压塑造了现今青藏高原的高海拔地形地貌和巨厚地壳。位于青藏高原最北缘的榆木山构造带,其内部构造变形的几何学和运动学特征记录了地球最新演化历史过程中,构造、剥蚀和气候变化之间的复杂关系。长期以来,其构造成因和属性一直存在争议。本文通过对最近完成的深地震反射剖面的初步处理,其反射剖面初步揭示了榆木山构造带的深部地壳结构:榆木山构造带之下莫霍面深度为45～48 km,整体由北向南加深;同时,深部反射和地表层析速度成像结果显示榆木山下方存在明显的反射透明区、高速异常体,结合地表地质调查,推测其可能为花岗岩体,同早古生代祁连洋的闭合有关;在榆木山构造带之下存在明显的壳内滑脱面,推测其隆升受控于两条背向逆冲断裂带的控制。本文同时结合其他地质地球物理资料,初步提出了青藏高原北缘的演化模型,为青藏高原北缘的向北扩展、盆山耦合及块体间关系提供了新的思路。  相似文献   

喜马拉雅造山带亚东地区多期构造热事件——锆石和独居石U-Th-Pb年代学证据   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

董昕  田作林 《岩石矿物学杂志》2019,38(4):431-452

喜马拉雅造山带是研究板块构造的天然实验室,位于造山带核心部位的大喜马拉雅岩系是揭示碰撞造山过程和造山带演化的关键。本文主要对亚东地区大喜马拉雅岩系中的花岗质片麻岩进行了岩相学、锆石和独居石UTh-Pb年代学以及全岩主微量地球化学研究。野外和显微结构特征观察表明,花岗质片麻岩的矿物组合为斜长石+钾长石+石英+黑云母+石榴石,岩石发生了部分熔融,经历了高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相的变质作用。年代学和全岩地球化学研究表明,花岗质片麻岩的原岩包括新元古代(～800 Ma)的花岗闪长岩和志留纪(～440 Ma)的花岗岩,二者均在中新世(～16 Ma)发生了变质作用。新元古代花岗闪长岩具有负的εHf(t)值(-16. 4～-12. 2),地壳Hf模式年龄为3. 11～2. 79 Ga,说明其起源于古老下地壳物质的部分熔融。新元古代花岗闪长岩和志留纪花岗岩具有相似的弧花岗质岩石地球化学特征,即具有高场强元素Nb、Ta、P和Ti的负异常。本次研究表明大喜马拉雅岩系经历了多期构造热事件,其不仅记录了新生代的碰撞造山作用,还记录了与新元古代与罗迪尼亚超大陆演化相关的岩浆热事件以及古生代冈瓦纳大陆拼合后的周缘安第斯型造山作用。  相似文献   

藏东拉荣斑岩钨钼矿床辉钼矿Re- Os定年及地质意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘俊  祝向平  李文昌  王保弟  董宇  杨富成  杨后斌  吴江华 《地质学报》2019,93(7):1708-1719

拉荣钨钼矿床位于类乌齐-左贡成矿带的东南部,是藏东地区发现的首例大型斑岩型钨钼矿床。其成矿地质背景尚缺乏成矿年龄制约。本文对拉荣矿床含矿石英脉中的辉钼矿进行Re-Os定年,6件样品的模式年龄集中于91.5±1.3～92.3±1.3 Ma,其加权平均年龄为91.8±0.5 Ma,等时线年龄为90.6±2.1 Ma,表明拉荣钨钼矿床成矿时代为晚白垩世。辉钼矿样品的Re含量为53.0×10~(-6)～86.1×10~(-6),表明成矿物质具有壳幔混源的特征。拉荣钨钼矿床成矿年龄指示了班公湖-怒江构造带北东侧类乌齐-左贡成矿带内存在一期晚白垩世的钨多金属成矿事件,成矿作用发生于拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞造山阶段。  相似文献   

喜马拉雅造山带中新世岩浆型石榴子石的矿物化学特征:从高Sr/Y花岗岩到淡色花岗岩   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

曾令森  赵令浩  高利娥  侯可军  王倩 《岩石学报》2019,35(6):1599-1626

石榴子石是演化花岗岩常见的重要副矿物之一,但石榴子石地球化学特征如何随岩浆演化而变化是有待探讨的问题之一。雅拉香波片麻岩穹隆发育年龄分别为20. 3±0. 5Ma和20. 1±0. 3Ma(锆石U-Pb年龄)的高Sr/Y比二云母花岗岩(TMG)和淡色花岗岩(Grt-LG)。虽然两类花岗岩都含石榴子石,且在形成时代和Sr-Nd同位素组成上相似,但在元素地球化学特征上具有明显的差异,淡色花岗岩和二云母花岗岩分别代表演化程度较高和较原始的岩浆。在同一件样品中,在石榴子石颗粒之间,存在一定程度的微量元素地球化学特征的不均一性,反映了局部熔体地球化学特征。在两类花岗岩中,岩浆型石榴子石具有以下相似的地球化学特征:(1)从核部到边部,Mn和HREE含量降低,表现出典型的生长环带特征;(2)富集HREE,亏损LREE;和(3)显著的Eu负异常。但在关键微量元素Zn、Sc和Y上,具有明显的差异性。在花岗质岩浆演化过程中,贫Fe、Mg和Mn矿物相的分离结晶作用,导致残留熔体的Ca和Sr含量降低,Eu负异常幅度增大,Sc、Zn、Y和HREE增高,是导致淡色花岗岩石榴子石相应元素含量增高的主要原因。上述观测表明:高Sr/Y花岗岩也可以结晶石榴子石,与通常的淡色花岗岩石榴子石相比,这些石榴子石的Sc、Zn和Y含量和Eu异常幅度明显较低。但随分异程度的升高,石榴子石的元素地球化学特征与源自变沉积岩的淡色花岗岩的类似。因此,花岗岩中的石榴子石矿物化学特征变化记录了花岗岩岩浆演化的重要信息。  相似文献   

西藏安多地区早古生代及中生代造山记录:来自安多微陆块-南羌塘锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

贠晓瑞  蔡志慧  何碧竹  郑孟林  焦存礼  彭阳  刘若涵 《岩石学报》2019,35(6):1673-1692

安多地区位于青藏高原腹地,为拉萨地体、羌塘地体及安多微陆块的结合部位,是研究拉萨地体、羌塘地体起源以及特提斯造山过程的关键位置。我们对采自安多地区的前中生代基底岩石及侏罗系沉积岩样品进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明:安多花岗片麻岩中锆石同时记录了510～505Ma岩浆年龄以及187Ma变质年龄;187Ma的变质锆石与510～505Ma的岩浆锆石具有相似的Hf同位素模式年龄(1.7～1.5Ga),表明寒武纪花岗岩主要来源于古老地壳重熔。碎屑锆石年代学分析结果揭示了安多微陆块石英岩具有498～484Ma、800～1000Ma和1800～1950Ma的年龄峰值,与南羌塘地体及特提斯喜马拉雅碎屑锆石年龄分布特征相似,表明其在早古生代时位于冈瓦纳大陆北部印度陆块边缘。南羌塘坳陷东南部中侏罗世砂岩及钙质砂岩碎屑锆石年代学分析结果显示其具有182～171Ma、450～600Ma、800～1000Ma、1800～1950Ma及2400～2600Ma的年龄峰值,这种年龄分布特征与安多微陆块及南羌塘地体相似,而与拉萨地体不同,说明南羌塘坳陷东南部下-中侏罗统物源主要来自安多微陆块及南羌塘地体,在早-中侏罗世时安多微陆块与南羌塘地体已经发生了碰撞造山。  相似文献